Structure of an Assembly Machine

A typical automated assembly machine consists of the following major modular structures:

1. Machine Frame and Safety Guarding

• Description: The foundational skeleton, made from aluminum profiles or steel. It provides a rigid mounting platform. Enclosed by guards with safety interlocks.
• Function: Ensures rigidity, contains noise, and protects operators.

2. Feeding and Positioning System

• Description: Responsible for delivering components to the assembly station.
  • Vibratory Bowls: For feeding and orienting small, bulk parts.
  • Hoppers & Pushers: For feeding delicate or tangle-prone parts.
  • Linear Guides / Conveyors: For transferring workpieces between stations.
  • Fixtures & Locating Mechanisms: Use V-blocks, locating pins, pneumatic clamps to ensure precise workpiece positioning.

3. Actuation System

• Description: The “hands” that perform the assembly tasks.
  • Electric Actuators / Slide Modules: Provide precise linear motion.
  • Pneumatic / Hydraulic Cylinders: Provide fast, simple linear action.
  • Servo / Stepper Motors: Provide precise rotary or positional control.
  • Tooling Heads: Such as screwdriver bits, dispensing valves, welding heads, riveting tools, grippers.

4. Sensing and Inspection System

• Description: The “senses” that monitor the process.
  • Sensors: Detect part presence and position.
  • Vision Systems: For complex recognition, positioning, and quality checks.
  • Pressure Sensors: Monitor forces in press-fit operations.
  • Encoders: Provide positional feedback.

5. Sistema de control

• Description: The “brain” that processes sensor signals and commands the actuators.
  • PLC: The central logic controller.
  • HMI: The touchscreen interface for operation and monitoring.
  • Electrical Cabinet: Houses breakers, relays, drives, etc.

6. Pneumatic and Power System

• Description: Provides power to the machine.
  • Pneumatic System: Includes compressor, filter, regulator, solenoid valves, and cylinders.
  • Electrical System: Powers all motors, controllers, and sensors.

In summary, the structure of an assembly machine is a highly synergistic system where all modules work in close coordination to ensure a smooth, precise, and reliable automated assembly process.